BOOLEAN OPERATORS are words (used in computer science and mathematics) that connect key words together to expand / narrow results. Boolean operators can be used in library research databases or when using ZSR's Primo (our library catalog). 

Here's how BOOLEAN OPERATORS work with some diagrams to help explain: 

AND

Narrows your search results by limiting to those that contain BOTH words connected with AND. Here we see results for a search for folks who need their cookies AND milk together at all times!

OR

Expands your search results by including those that contain one word, the other word, or both words. Here we see results for a search for folks who can have cookies and milk together OR separately. They'll enjoy them either way!

NOT 

Narrows your search results by limiting to those that contain the word appearing before NOT but not the word after NOT. Here we see results for a search for folks who are just in the mood for cookies (or maybe they're vegan and / or lactose intolerant). 

Database filters can be used to narrow your search results based on your research requirements. Here are descriptions and images of filter options from some of the most widely used chemistry - related databases. 

DATE RANGES

Specific date ranges to include only results published within certain time frames. Choose the most recent  literature published in the last 5 years for instance, or choose specific date ranges:

SCHOLARLY, PEER-REVIEWED

Choose scholarly, peer-reviewed options if you're looking for literature: 

• written by scholars in a specific field of study
• from academic institutions
• that includes citations in footnotes, bibliographies, or works cited
• that has been through the peer-reviewed process
• void of advertisements and photographs

FULL TEXT 

Choosing the full text option will ensure the database is retrieving literature ZSR has access to. With access to full text articles, will be able to read, download, share, or upload it to your citation manager (SEE ZOTERO options to the LEFT on this page). 

SOURCE TYPES

Your professor may ask you to include primary sources in your research. If so, be sure to check (include) original research articles, clinical trials, or randomized controlled trials. Secondary sources include any type of review (systematic, scoping, meta-analysis), editorial, and books. Good research includes a balance of many source types!

Search MODIFIERS are powerful tools that help you refine your results and provide specific directions to the databases during your search. 

"PHRASING" 

Phrasing includes quotations marks and is helpful when two or more words need to follow each other in a search. This technique helps to narrow your results. 

For example, if the phrase ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS is included in your research question, be sure to enter it as "ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS" in your database search field. This will indicate to the database that you are looking for these three words together. The database will then narrow your search as opposed to searching for the words ELECTRONIC and HEALTH and RECORDS separately.

Searching ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS in PubMed yields 30,000 results; "ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS" in the same database yields 16,000 results. 

*TRUNCATION*

Using an asterisk will modify searches and truncate certain keywords that have different variations.

The following example includes the keyword PRESCRIPTION. Adjusting this term and including an asterisk when searching (PRESCRIP*) will allow for databases used to include all of these terms:

PRESCRIPTION, PRESCRIBE, PRESCRIBES, PRESCRIPTIVE, PRESCRIPTIVES

Using PRESCRIPTION only in PubMed yields 46,000 results. Using PRESCRIP* in the same database yields 144,000 results. 

Asterisks may be used at the beginning and ends of keywords to help expand your results. 

(GROUPING)

Parentheses are used to tell the database the order in which the search should be conducted and will narrow your search results. This is useful if you have several keywords in one search. Keywords in placed in () - or grouped - will be searched first followed by what is outside the brackets.

Consider this search string example: (interoperability OR interactivity OR intercommunication) AND healthcare

INTEROPERABILITY, INTERACTIVITY, and INTERCOMMUNICATION, which appear in the (), will be searched first & relative to HEALTHCARE, which appears outside the (). 

Performing this search without () yields 564,000 results in PubMed. With the (), the search yields 24,000 results. 

PROXIMITY: n# = near

The proximity search tool allows for a more precise search. Using the indicator n# will signal to the database you want keywords to appear within a certain number of words from each other and in any order. See the example below: 

science n3 denial:

This search will yield results where the terms SCIENCE and DENIAL appear no more than 3 words from each other in the title or abstract of the publication: science denial, denial of science, etc.